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Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists

• Gomez-Vazquez, M.S. et al: Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 19: 576–582, 2007.
• Arain, S.R. et al: The Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Versus Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia After Major Inpatient Surgery. Anesth Analg 98: 153–158, 2004
• Smith, H et al: Alpha2 receptors and agonists in pain management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 14: 513-518, 2001. Davies, M.F. et al: Dexmedetomidine Fails to Cause Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Chronic Administration. Anesth Analg 96: 195–200, 2003. Breakthrough Pain
• Mercadante, S: Breakthrough Pain in Advanced Cancer atients followed at Home: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 38 (Vol 4):554-560, 2009

Cancer Pain

• Joint position statement: pain medication and prescribing restrictions American Alliance of Cancer Pain Initiatives and Cancer Action Network. Nov 2007.
• The American Alliance of Cancer Pain Initiatives statement on Intractable Pain Treatment Acts (IPTA) American Alliance of Cancer Pain Initiatives. Oct 2003.
• Symptom management in cancer: pain, depression and fatigue NIH Consensus Development Program. July 2002.
  

Chronic Pain

• Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain Management, An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology 112: 810–833, 2010.
• The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain A consensus statement from American Academy of Pain Medicine and American Pain Society. Approved 1996, reviewed and updated 2006.

Palliative Care

• Treatment of pain at the end of life American Pain Society. Approved 1997, reviewed and updated 2006
• Providing opioids at the end of life Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association. April 2004.